FINDING THE FLOOD
Just where was it?
This was sort of an accidental find. I found something early in 2024 that did have some sort of promise. But before getting into this, the curious question. Did the Biblical Flood even exist? Some scientists don't think so.
"The one thing we know for sure from geology is that a global flood never happened," said David Montgomery, a professor of geomorphology at the University of Washington in Seattle and author of "The Rocks Don't Lie: A Geologist Investigates Noah's Flood" (W. W. Norton & Company, 2012). "If you look at it as literally a global flood that covered the world's highest mountains, I'm sorry, there's just not enough water on Earth to do that," he told Live Science.
https://www.livescience.com/human-behavior/religion/did-noahs-flood-really-happen
There's some interesting points in the more fuller quote, but the first problem here, is this professor's premise: "The Rocks Don't Lie"
The big problem is, they actually do.
Those following the demise of the dinosaurs will remember that the current view is destruction from above, a massive meteor that impacted the planet unleashing a maelstrom of destruction: "a nightmare of environmental disasters, including storms, tsunamis, cold and darkness, greenhouse warming, acid rains and global fires."[1] And a couple of scientists from Mexico did a study concluding:
we concluded that the most probable impactor was a fast asteroid or a long-period comet with energy between 1.3x1024 J and 5.8x1025
J, mass between 1.0x1015 kg and 4.6x1017 kg, and diameter between 10.6 km and 80.9 km.
Assessments of the energy, mass and size of the Chicxulub Impactor
Hector Javier Durand-Manterola and Guadalupe Cordero-Tercero
and this got mentioned in a wikipedia quote:
The Chicxulub impactor had an estimated diameter of 11-81 kilometers (6.8-50.3 mi), and delivered an estimated energy of 21-921 billion Hiroshima A-bombs
(between 1.3x1024 and 5.8x1025 joules, or 1.3-58 yottajoules).
http://web.archive.org/web/20211228051109/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicxulub_crater
But that was soon replaced with other quotes mentioning much smaller impact energies. The current one has just over a billion, a far cry from up to 921 billion.
Why the change? It was just too much and some evolutionists could see it and complained about the destructive scenarios being postulated:
What do we do with these impact scenarios? Naturally, we compare them with the evidence from the geological record. Birds, tortoises, and mammals live on
land and breathe air: the evidence from the K-T boundary shows that they survived the K-T boundary event. Therefore they and the air they breathed
weren't set on broil for several hours. To put it simply, these scenarios did not happen.
There must be some explanation for the survival of birds, turtles, and crocodiles through any catastrophe of this scale, or else the catastrophe models are wrong.
History of Life, Richard Cowen, 2000, pp. 290, 295.
the survival of amphibians shows that this is simply a fantasy ... If the entire earth had been subjected to a huge acid bath, there simply would not be a frog or salamander alive on the earth today. p.38.
After the Dinosaurs, Donald R. Prothero, 2006.
So evolutionists have been trying to downplay the destructive energy delivered by the meteor in an effort of have birds, turtles, and crocodiles, and many other susceptible species survive the extinction event that took out the non-avian dinosaurs. They still don't know how the birds survived and say as much:
Of the many great dinosaurian lineages, only the birds made it through the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous - but nobody is quite sure why.
p.162.
Flying Dinosaurs: How fearsome reptiles became birds, John Pickrell, 2014.
Early members of the palaeognath lineage survived (the group that includes ostriches and emus), as did members of the wildfowl and gamebird lineage, as
did members of the lineage that led to seabirds, hawks, perching birds, and so on.
Why these bird groups survived when other dinosaur groups didn't is a good question, and one that hasn't been answered satisfactorily. p.208.
Dinosaurs: How they lived and evolved. Darren Naish & Paul M. Barrett, CSIRO Publishing, 2018.
There is no answer, except there is something seriously wrong. And you can't downplay the destructive energy of a meteor that created a crater a certain size. The two guys from Mexico roughly used the specs of the crater, which has been found at Chicxulub in the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico. The crater has been proposed as 200 km wide but quotes vary. One study I found using gravity readings suggests 170 km wide. An online calculator for determining crater diameters given meteor sizes suggest an impact energy of 138 billion Hiroshima A-bombs would be required.[2] Far in advance of the piddly just over a billion amount the evolutionists are currently pushing.
So the only way the evolutionists can drop the size of the destructive energy is to make the crater smaller. An interesting undertaking since it is supposed to be down 10 to 30 km underground.[3] I think they are going to have a lot of fun with that attempt.
Is there any way out of this mess?
Indeed there is, and one of the dissenting evolutionists mentioned it. Writing about the destructive scenarios originally being promulgated, they stated:
the survival of amphibians shows that this is simply a fantasy ... If the entire earth had been subjected to a huge acid bath, there simply would not be a frog or salamander alive on the earth today. p.38.
After the Dinosaurs, Donald R. Prothero, 2006.
And that gives the answer. The whole hypothesis is a complete fantasy. Interesting. Unfortunately it is completely supported by the rock and fossil record, and a large crater approximately 170 km wide. But all the evidence supporting this hypothesis which is clearly just a fantasy, must also be a fantasy. So the rock record, and fossil record, and the 170 km wide crater are also a fantasy.
This just means that none of these things can be considered to be a reliable record, ... of anything!
The fossils can no longer be considered to be a reliable record of the past life of this planet;
The rock layers can no longer be considered to be a reliable record of the past of this planet;
And the 170 km wide 20 km deep crater in the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico can no longer be considered to be a reliable record of a meteor impact that supposedly happened 66 million years ago.
So unfortunately, the comment that "The Rocks Don't Lie" has some problems. They are clearly not being truthful.
However, to be fair about this, there should be some point in geology we should be able to safely go to. Some Christians believe that the world is only 6,000 years old. It's approximate and we don't know the exact point, but this study may hopefully yield a reasonable value.
Anyway the point I am trying to make here is that we should expect that the fossil and rock record down to 6,000 years should be reliable. If things came into existence 6,000 years ago then anything found in the record before then should be considered suspect. I think this mess with the dinosaurs has shown the validity of that comment.
Unfortunately, the study done "The Rocks Don't Lie: A Geologist Investigates Noah's Flood" would have been investigating the rock layers less than 6,000 years old so we have to consider their comments there.
But the comment "a global flood that covered the world's highest mountains, I'm sorry, there's just not enough water on Earth to do that" also has some problems. This is assuming that the world's highest mountains were this high before the Flood. If you look at them, they all look broken. You have rock faces showing and a lot near vertical.
Some church writings suggest that the hills and mountains were all covered. And not high. In short you could probably walk all the way up them to their apexes. Nothing like today. At the Flood this world was broken.
Sure most people read Genesis 7:12 where it says "The rain fell on the earth forty days and forty nights." NRSV. But they forget the previous verse:
In the six hundredth year of Noah's life, in the second month, on the seventeenth day of the month, on that day all the fountains of the great deep burst forth, and the windows of the heavens were opened. Genesis 7:11 NRSV.
This is cataclysmic. And thankfully they add this into the extended quote:
Moreover, a 2016 study published in the journal Nature Geoscience estimated that there's 5.4 million cubic miles (22.6 million cubic kilometers) of groundwater stored in the upper 1.2 miles (2 km) of Earth's crust, which is enough to cover the land to a depth of 590 feet (180 m). That's a lot of water, but there are cities thousands of feet above sea level, and Mount Everest, the highest mountain on Earth, is more than 29,000 feet (8,849 m) above sea level.
https://www.livescience.com/human-behavior/religion/did-noahs-flood-really-happen
"enough to cover the land to a depth of 590 feet (180 m)" And the rain is added to that. This was probably more than enough in a world that was a lot more flatter than it now is, after all the convulsions from the Flood and other movements occurring related to the event. So quoting cities in high places and very high mountains is more of a non-event in a world that was much more flatter at the time of the Flood.
Then they deliver the final blow, ending with:
geologists don't see evidence for a global flood in the rock record.
https://www.livescience.com/human-behavior/religion/did-noahs-flood-really-happen
That sounds like a decisive blow. But is that the end of it? Can you keep a good man down?
Even if they claim they just can't find the evidence, could there just be something, somewhere that just might give some sort of support to a world wide Flood?
Think on this. IF the Flood was a world wide event, then it MUST have left some sort of effect or footprint in this world that we could find.
And I believe the scientists have found such a climate event. And it appears to have had some sort of impact on the whole world. Well, they are on record saying this event impacted all seven continents:
“Agriculture-based societies developed in several regions after the end of the last Ice Age, before a 200-year climatic event affected agricultural societies, forcing the collapse of civilizations and migrations and regenerations in Egypt, Greece, Syria, Palestine, Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, and the Yangtze River Valley,” the International Union of Geological Sciences said. The climatic event, a destructive drought, was likely triggered by a shift in oceans and the atmospheric circulation, according to BBC.
Evidence of this period has been found on all seven continents, said the International Union of Geological Sciences, which ratified the proposal for the Meghalayan Age sent by the International Commission on Stratigraphy.
https://scroll.in/latest/887119/meghalayan-age-latest-phase-in-earths-history-named-after-indian-state-began-4200-years-ago
And have a guess just what date they have proposed for this event? [OK the url is a give-away]
4200 years ago.
Or more correctly the scientific docs about this quote 4,200 BP which at 2020 would translate to 4270 years ago. Scientists take the BP dating Before Present as from 1950.
Approximately 4200 years ago? A very rough approximation for the Flood is to count 1650 yrs [this is pretty much agreed on] from the Creation. We don't know the exact point, but if it was say 6,000 years ago gives about 6000-1650 or 4350 years ago. That's very approximate and 4270 years ago is awfully close.
In fact if we have scientific verification of some world wide climatic event that has impacted all seven continents, I would say we have something here. And that point gives us a nail for the Flood date and we could simply then go backwards the approximate 1650 yrs and obtain a more accurate estimate for the Creation point.
OK a lot of things to think about here. But first we have to have a deeper look at all of this to see if this is indeed supporting a world wide Flood.
Looking at my earlier files I found something about this new division in geologic time either late February or very early in March 2024.
The Meghalayan Age – a new unit of the Geologic Time Scale
28 Jul 2018
The International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) has defined a new division in geologic time that will now appear on all official charts depicting Earth’s geological past. This is the Meghalayan Age, which has been defined as the most recent age of the Holocene Epoch, extending from 4,200 years ago until the present.
https://geologyglasgow.org.uk/headlines/the-meghalayan-age-a-new-unit-of-the-geologic-time-scale/
Of course, what I found interesting here was the date division: 4,200 years ago. I knew this was sitting somewhere around the Flood so this would need further investigation, sometime. There was no mention of a flood in the article so realized I would have to have a closer look at this sometime.
Anyway, I had plenty of other stuff that was ongoing so the year slowly progressed. Then in August 2024 I started putting together my Dinosaur Discussions. By late October I had progressed to discussion 5. And it was around then or middle of November that I started a search to find trees that had been buried, hopefully by the Flood, 4 to 5 thousand years ago. This was necessary because of the direction this discussion had taken.
And I hit paydirt! I found some articles about farmers digging up tree trunks that were over 4,000 years old!
Scientists from the University of Cambridge studied hundreds of tree trunks, dug up by Fenland farmers. Most of the ancient wood came from yew trees that populated the area 4,000 to 5,000 years ago
This was exactly what I was looking for. And the date proposed linked in with the earlier division I had read about:
The discovery of woodlands believed to have been buried by flooding 4,200 years ago challenges popular perceptions of the Fens landscape
Scientists from the University of Cambridge studied hundreds of tree trunks, dug up by Fenland farmers. Most of the ancient wood came from yew trees that populated the area 4,000 to 5,000 years ago
By Tom Bawden
Science & Environment Correspondent
November 24, 2023
Scientists have studied hundreds of tree trunks, dug up by Fenland farmers while ploughing their fields.
They found that most of the ancient wood came from yew trees that grew between 4,000 and 5,000 years ago in the area – a 1,500 square mile patch of fertile land taking in parts of Lincolnshire, Cambridgeshire, Norfolk and Suffolk.
They believe the trees died suddenly about 4,200 years ago after a rapid rise in the sea level – possibly connected to a bout of climate change – flooded them with salty water.
Much of the Fens is barely above sea level, and a sudden rise in sea level around 4,200 years ago would likely have killed the Fen woodlands, according to the researchers.
The period that the Fen woodlands died coincided with major climatic changes elsewhere in the world.
At roughly the same time, a megadrought in China and the Middle East was a possible trigger of the collapse of several civilisations, including Egypt’s Old Kingdom and the Akkadian Empire in Mesopotamia.
https://inews.co.uk/news/science/buried-ancient-yew-trees-fens-2772821?ITO=msn
I felt this was tying in well with the date for the geological division previously mentioned. I also thought there could be a tie in with the Flood and the megadrought mentioned here.
What did the Bible say about rain before the Flood? Well at least before the Fall and there is no reason to expect this to change till the Flood:
when no plant of the field was yet in the earth and no herb of the field had yet sprung up--for the LORD God had not caused it to rain upon the earth, and there was no man to till the ground;
but a mist went up from the earth and watered the whole face of the ground--
Genesis 2:5,6 RSV.
So at the Flood God hits the world with a deluge. Guess what that does to his watering system. It's like messed right up.
So after the Flood God's watering system is right out of whack.
And what would you get?
A megadrought!
And that's what we have in the above quote.
It does possibly suggest that these tree trunks the farmers are digging up may be from Noah's Flood. But we may still have some things to investigate...
At this point I had to go back and check the new geological division, but I found a discrepancy in the date!
Meghalayan Age
The Meghalayan begins 4,200 years BP (c. 2251 BCE or 7750 HE). Helama & Oinonen (2019) dated the start of the Meghalayan to 2190–1990 BCE. The age began with a 200-year drought that impacted human civilizations in the Eastern Mediterranean, Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley and the Yangtze River Valley. "The fact that the beginning of this age coincides with a cultural shift caused by a global climate event makes it unique," according to Stanley Finney, Secretary General of the International Union of Geological Sciences.
https://web.archive.org/web/20241203221140/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghalayan
This doc was referring to years BP! Now I had run across this BP timescale before when investigating some curious catastrophe youtube page earlier in the year but not with respect to the Meghalayan age. Chasing this then I found the following:
Before Present
Before Present (BP) or "years before present (YBP)" is a time scale used mainly in archaeology, geology, and other scientific disciplines to specify when events occurred relative to the origin of practical radiocarbon dating in the 1950s. Because the "present" time changes, standard practice is to use 1 January 1950 as the commencement date (epoch) of the age scale, with 1950 being labelled as the "standard year".
The Centre for Ice and Climate at the University of Copenhagen instead uses the unambiguous "b2k", for "years before 2000 AD"
https://web.archive.org/web/20241204023019/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_Present
So we can easily jump between BP and BC. 4200 BP = 4200 - 1950 BC = 2250 BC. There is no year zero so you can see above they have 2251 BCE but interestingly they have this as 'around'. That's what the c. means.
Following a reference on the page I found the following:
The Meghalayan Stage/Age; Upper/Late Holocene Subseries/Subepoch
As with the 8.2 ka event, therefore, the 4.2 ka event was global or near global in nature and constitutes a timestratigraphic marker horizon for defining the base of the Meghalayan Stage/Age and the Upper/Late Holocene Subseries/Subepoch.
The first registration of the event in the stable isotope record occurs at ~4300 yr BP followed by a second marked increase in stable isotope values at ~4100 yr BP. The abrupt increase in stable isotope values is the primary boundary marker for the GSSP, and hence a date of 4200 yr BP, which effectively marks the mid-point between these two modelled ages, can be assigned (Fig. 6). The age estimates are well within the range of ages for climatic proxies from other records for the 4.2 ka event described above.
we quote the age of the Mawmluh speleothem GSSP as 4250 yr b2k (before 2000 CE: see above). Accordingly, the GSSP for the Meghalayan Stage/Age and corresponding Upper/ Late Holocene Subseries/Subepoch is defined in the Mawmluh Cave speleothem from northeast India, with a modelled age of 4250 yr b2k.
https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/files/meghalayan.pdf [4]
Some thoughts:
4250 yr b2k is 4250 - 2000 BC = 2250 BC so same as 4200 BP.
They have assigned the midpoint between 4300 BP and 4100 BP and as ~ so approximately. We could say 4200 BP is then probably approximately ± 100 yrs. It's a thought. That being the case there's not much point worrying about the missing zero year so just go to the closest 10 yrs and take it as 4200 BP.
But now all this is messing up the Fenland tree trunk discoveries "believed to have been buried by flooding 4,200 years ago" or does it? There was no mention of BP or b2k timescales. But maybe digging a little deeper I may find it. The doc did say around or about so maybe a more scientific source may mention these. And I found:
Sudden disappearance of yew (Taxus baccata) woodlands from eastern England coincides with a possible climate event around 4.2 ka ago
Here, we present a collection of more than 400 subfossil yew (Taxus baccata L.) trees excavated from near sea-level peat-rich sediments in the Fenland region of eastern England. The well-preserved yew trunks are between two and eight metres long, often exhibit adventitious root layers, and contain up to 400 rings of highly irregular growth. ... A first stage of yew decline ~4800- 4600 years cal BP was possibly caused by oxygen deprivation from soil wetting, whereas yew disappearance ~4200 years cal BP is suggested to have been triggered by marine inundation as a consequence of rapid sea-level rise. Both phases of yew decline in eastern England coincide with marked reductions in subfossil oak and pine from peatbogs in Ireland, Germany and the Netherlands. Our results emphasise the potential to develop a dendrochronological network in coastal England for better understanding of larger-scale climate and environmental changes during the mid-Holocene, including the still debated 4.2 ka climate event.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108414
This is from an abstract from a scientific document reporting about the Fenland yew tree trunk discoveries in England, and the date for the rapid sea-level rise is given as ~4200 BP and agrees with the timescale date for the start of the Meghalayan age. We are on track.
Further this is just not a local event, as similar declines are mentioned for Ireland, Germany and the Netherlands.
And we can have some fun with this. We have here a mention of a "rapid sea-level rise". Could this be referring to a flood? To the Flood?
And if the drought mentioned is a fall-out from the Flood, then the scientific docs are supporting a world-wide event!
The climatic event, a destructive drought, was likely triggered by a shift in oceans and the atmospheric circulation, according to BBC.
Evidence of this period has been found on all seven continents, said the International Union of Geological Sciences,
https://scroll.in/latest/887119/meghalayan-age-latest-phase-in-earths-history-named-after-indian-state-began-4200-years-ago
And now the fun bit:
If the "heavens" opened and all of the water in the atmosphere came down at once as rain, the planet would be submerged — but only to a depth of about 1 inch (2.5 centimeters), according to the U.S. Geological Survey. That's not enough water to justify a canoe, let alone a massive ark.
https://www.livescience.com/human-behavior/religion/did-noahs-flood-really-happen
And that's from the U.S. Geological Survey.
Some reflections on this:
1. That's by today's measurements. There may have been a LOT more water in the atmosphere before the Flood, and it all came down then. Which brings me to point
2. So maybe the majority of it came down at the Flood and the Lord left a piddly amount there, enough to make the 1 inch depth the U.S. Geological Survey is complaining about. And this brings me to point
3. So they are saying there is not enough water to make a world wide deep flood anymore? Well, isn't that just proving that God keeps his promises?
I establish my covenant with you, that never again shall all flesh be cut off by the waters of a flood, and never again shall there be a flood to destroy the earth." Genesis 9:11 NRSV.
So we could consider that the U.S. Geological Survey is supporting the view that God keeps his promises and there is not enough water any more in the atmosphere to cause another world wide flood that could destroy all flesh again. Well that's good news, isn't it?
But we can still have a bit of fun with this.
So they are saying that we would only get about 1 inch and not enough to justify a canoe?
But wait a minute! What about the quote: "yew disappearance ~4200 years cal BP is suggested to have been triggered by marine inundation as a consequence of rapid sea-level rise." That's got to be a lot more than one inch! So where did all this extra water come from? According to the U.S. Geological Survey, not the heavens! So what caused this rapid sea level rise, that also impacted other regions, according to the rest of this quote? The Bible gives us a clue:
In the six hundredth year of Noah's life, in the second month, on the seventeenth day of the month, on that day all the fountains of the great deep burst forth, and the windows of the heavens were opened. Genesis 7:11 NRSV.
So the scientists are suggesting that a climatic event, a destructive drought, is the start of a new age, the Meghalayan age, at 4200 BP, and around the same time a rapid sea-level rise has occurred with some evidence from England, Ireland, Germany and the Netherlands. And that "Evidence of this period has been found on all seven continents".
The proposal I am making here is that the world wide drought is the fallout from a world wide Flood. Which makes sense. The drought is caused by the collapse of God's watering system as a result of the Flood. And the fact that evidence for this destructive drought "has been found on all seven continents", suggests that the flood which caused it must have impacted "all seven continents". In short, it was a world wide flood. It was THE Flood. The Biblical Flood.
And the scientists have tracked this all for us and we have a date to work to: 4200 BP or 4200 - 1950 BC = 2250 BC [± 100 years]. But we will use these values.
Some more fun:
Further, we can take this date as a scientific correction for an approximate date for the Biblical Flood. That being the case we can use this correction to track back to find a better estimate for the Creation point for this world. It is generally accepted that from a Bible viewpoint it was approximately 1650 years from the Creation to the Flood.
So from an adjusted Flood date of 2250 BC we backtrack 1650 yrs to obtain 2250 + 1650 = 3900 BC or 3900 + 1950 = 5850 BP.
The Flood point 4200 BP = 4200-1950 BC = 2250 BC
The Creation point 2250 + 1650 BC = 3900 BC or 5850 BP
Postscript
The scientific dating used here may have a possible precision of ±100 yrs so 4,000 BC could actually be OK but generally I am going to go with 3900 BC as suggested [using 4200 BP ±100 yrs date approximation for the Flood]. And obviously allow for the lower limit.
Other interesting point here:
This lower limit sits awfully well with Bishop Ussher's attempt. Why did he have 4004 BC? Why the 4? Apparently the nativity of Jesus was by then generally accepted at 4 BC. So he got 4004 BC. This was absolutely amazing given this current scientific dating, even if you don't agree how he got the 4000.
https://web.archive.org/web/20241203084613/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ussher#Chronology
REFERENCES
The flat Fens of eastern England once held vast woodlands, study finds
by University of Cambridge
Scientists from the University of Cambridge studied hundreds of tree trunks, dug up by Fenland farmers while plowing their fields. The team found that most of the ancient wood came from yew trees that populated the area between 4,000 and 5,000 years ago.
The Fens of eastern England, a low-lying, extremely flat landscape dominated by agricultural fields, was once a vast woodland filled with huge yew trees, according to new research.
These trees, which are a nuisance when they jam farming equipment during plowing, contain a treasure trove of perfectly preserved information about what the Fens looked like thousands of years ago.
The Fen yew woodlands suddenly died about 4,200 years ago, when the trees fell into peat and were preserved. The researchers hypothesize that a rapid sea level rise in the North Sea flooded the area with salt water, causing the vast woodlands to disappear.
The climate and environmental information these trees contain could be a valuable clue in determining whether this climate event could be related to other events that happened elsewhere in the world at the same time, including a megadrought in the Middle East that may have been a factor in the collapse of ancient Egypt's Old Kingdom. The researchers have published their findings in Quaternary Science Reviews.
https://phys.org/news/2023-11-flat-fens-eastern-england-held.html
1.
The survival of birds is the strangest of all the K-T boundary events, if we are to accept the catastrophic scenarios. Smaller dinosaurs overlapped with larger birds in size and in ecological roles as terrestrial bipeds. How did birds survive while dinosaurs did not? Birds seek food in the open, by sight; they are small and warm-blooded, with high metabolic rates and small energy stores. Even a sudden storm or a slightly severe winter can cause high mortality among bird populations. Yet an impact scenario, according to its enthusiasts, includes "a nightmare of environmental disasters, including storms, tsunamis, cold and darkness, greenhouse warming, acid rains and global fires." There must be some explanation for the survival of birds, turtles, and crocodiles through any catastrophe of this scale, or else the catastrophe models are wrong.
History of Life, Richard Cowen, 2000, p.295.
https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/education/events/cowen3b.html
2.
Supposed dino killer 66 Ma
A CM or CR carbonaceous chondrite asteroid having an estimated diameter of 18.64 - 46.23 kilometers (11.6 - 28.7 mi), travelling between 12.6 - 40.7 km/sec, 45,360 - 146,520 km/hr, and delivering an estimated energy of 138 billion Hiroshima A-bombs (approximately 8.71×10^24 Joules).
http://www.worldhoax.fyi/chicxulub-impactor.shtml
3.
The crater is estimated to be 150 kilometers (93 miles) in diameter and 20 kilometers (12 miles) in depth, well into the continental crust of the region of about 10–30 kilometers (6.2–18.6 miles) in depth.
http://web.archive.org/web/20220105113846/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicxulub_crater
4.
by Mike Walker, Martin J. Head, Max Berkelhammer, Svante Björck, Hai Cheng, Les Cwynar, David Fisher, Vasilios Gkinis, Antony Long, John Lowe, Rewi Newnham, Sune Olander Rasmussen, and Harvey Weiss
Formal ratification of the subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period): two new Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSPs) and three new stages/subseries
https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/files/meghalayan.pdf
Stephen Buckley
E-mail: snoaktrua [at] duck.com
Last revised: 11 Dec 2024.
Construction started: 3 Dec 2024.
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